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81ECONOMIC HISTORY — This article is arranged according to the following outline: first temple period exile and restoration second temple period talmudic era muslim middle ages medieval christendom economic doctrines early modern period sephardim and ashkenazim… …
82FISH AND FISHING — In the Bible and Talmud The Bible says that humans are to exercise dominion over the fish as well as over all other subhuman life (Gen. 1:28). Fish are divided into clean and unclean by biblical dietary laws: These you may eat, of all that are in …
83ḤALLAH — (Heb. חַלָּה), the name of a tractate in the Mishnah, Tosefta, and Jerusalem Talmud dealing with portions that are to be removed from bread for the support of the priesthood. Although the original meanings of some key terms in Numbers 15:17–21,… …
84LOST PROPERTY — (Heb. avedah u meẓi ah; lit. lost and found ). The Basis of the Law Lost property, called avedah, is property which has passed out of its owner s possession and whose whereabouts are unknown to him. Both criteria must exist together for the… …
85OWNERSHIP — (Heb. בַּעֲלות, ba alut). As a proprietary right, ownership is the most important of all rights in property, all other rights being inferior to it. The distinction between ownership and other proprietary rights is apparent not only in matters of… …
86REUBEN — (Heb. רְאוּבֵן), firstborn son of Jacob and Leah (Gen. 29:32; 46:8), and the eponymous ancestor of the tribe of Reuben. The biblical derivation of the name is not etymological, but was given by Leah because it suggested the verb raʾah, to see and …
87SYCAMORE — (Heb. שִׁקְמָה), the Ficus sycomorus, of the same genus as the fig tree. There is no connection between it and the plane tree , whose biblical name is armon and which is popularly called the sycamore. The sycamore is frequently mentioned in the… …
88THEFT AND ROBBERY — (Heb. גְּנֵבָה וּגְזֵלָה). An object which is in the possession of a person without the consent of its owner or any other person having a right thereto, when that person knows – or should know – that the latter does not consent, is considered to… …
89WORLD JEWISH ASSOCIATIONS — This article is confined to organizations that encompass Jews and Jewish activities cutting across the borders of various countries. Associations of this nature have existed for more than a century. Among the histories of dispersed communities of …
90YE'USH — (Heb. יֵאוּשׁ; lit. despair ), despair of property. A person s ownership of property ceases when it is apparent that he has made up his mind that the property will be out of his possession forever (see ownership ). This occurs (a) where he has… …
