means+of+estimating
61Kalman filter — Roles of the variables in the Kalman filter. (Larger image here) In statistics, the Kalman filter is a mathematical method named after Rudolf E. Kálmán. Its purpose is to use measurements observed over time, containing noise (random variations)… …
62Substitution model — A substitution model describes the process from which a sequence of characters of a fixed size from some alphabet changes into another set of traits. For example, in cladistics, each position in the sequence might correspond to a property of a… …
63Resampling (statistics) — In statistics, resampling is any of a variety of methods for doing one of the following: # Estimating the precision of sample statistics (medians, variances, percentiles) by using subsets of available data (jackknife) or drawing randomly with… …
64operations research — the analysis, usually involving mathematical treatment, of a process, problem, or operation to determine its purpose and effectiveness and to gain maximum efficiency. [1940 45, Amer.] * * * Application of scientific methods to management and… …
65Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) — Flight and expulsion of Germans during and after World War II (demographic estimates) Background …
66Business and Industry Review — ▪ 1999 Introduction Overview Annual Average Rates of Growth of Manufacturing Output, 1980 97, Table Pattern of Output, 1994 97, Table Index Numbers of Production, Employment, and Productivity in Manufacturing Industries, Table (For Annual… …
67Tyrannosaurus — T. rex redirects here. For other uses, see T. rex (disambiguation). Bilateria Tyrannosaurus rex Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, 67–65.5 Ma …
68Maximum likelihood — In statistics, maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is a method of estimating the parameters of a statistical model. When applied to a data set and given a statistical model, maximum likelihood estimation provides estimates for the model s… …
69Casualties of the Iraq War — This article is about casualties for the war beginning in 2003. For other wars, see Iraq war (disambiguation) …
70Space debris — populations seen from outside geosynchronous orbit (GEO). Note the two primary debris fields, the ring of objects in GEO, and the cloud of objects in low earth orbit (LEO) …
